Journal of Clinical Virology
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 143-151 , March 2004

Genital ulcer disease control and HIV prevention

,Accepted 8 May 2003.

References 

  1. Abellanosa I, Nichter M. Antibiotic prophylaxis among commercial sex workers in Cebu City, Philippines. Patterns of use and perceptions of efficacy. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1996;23:407–412
  2. Alary M, Mukenge-Tshibaka L, Bernier F, et al.  Decline in the prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Cotonou, Benin, 1993–9. AIDS. 2002;16:463–470
  3. Anderson RM, May RM. Epidemiologic parameters of HIV transmission. Nature. 1988;333:514–519
  4. Augenbraun M, Feldman J, Chirgwin K, et al.  Increased genital shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in HIV-seropositive women. Ann. Intern. Med. 1995;123:845–847
  5. Blackmore CA, Limpakarnjanarat K, Rigau-Perez JG, et al.  An outbreak of chancroid in Orange County, California: descriptive epidemiology and disease control measures. J. Infect. Dis. 1985;151:840–844
  6. Bollinger RC, Brookmeyer RS, Mehendale SM. Risk factors and clinical presentation of acute primary HIV infection in India. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1997;278:1085–1089
  7. Brandt AM. No magic bullet: a social history of venereal disease in the United States since 1880. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 1987.
  8. Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D’Costa LJ, et al.  Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet. 1989;2(8660):403–407
  9. Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Suprasert S, et al.  Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion among young men in northern Thailand. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1996;275:122–127
  10. Celentano DD, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Beyrer C, Eiumtrakul S, Go VF, et al.  Decreasing incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men: evidence for success of the HIV/AIDS control and prevention program. AIDS. 1998;12:F29–F36
  11. Chen XS, Gong XD, Liang GJ, Zhang GC. Epidemiologic trends of sexually transmitted diseases in China. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2000;27:138–142
  12. Chitwarakorn A, et al. Sexually transmitted diseases in Thailand. In: Brown T, et al., editors. Sexually transmitted diseases in Asia and the Pacific. New South Wales: Venereology Publishing; 1998. p. 305–38.
  13. Clottey C, Dallabetta G. Sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. Epidemology synergy?. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 1993;7:753–770 [Review]
  14. Cohen MS, Henderson GE, Aiello P, Zheng H. Successful eradication of sexually transmitted diseases in the People’s Republic of China: implications for the 21st century. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;174(Suppl 2):S223–S229
  15. Craib KJ, Meddings Dr, Strathdee SA, et al.  Rectal gonorrhoea as an independent risk factor for HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual men. Genitourin. Med. 1995;71:150–154
  16. Cunningham AL, Turner RR, Miller AC, Para MF, Merigan TC. Evolution of recurrent herpes simplex lesions: an immunohistologic study. J. Clin. Invest. 1985;75:226–233
  17. De Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. New Engl. J. Med. 1994;331:341–346
  18. Deschamps MM, Pape JW, Hafner WD. Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Haiti. Ann. Intern. Med. 1996;125:324–330
  19. Dickerson MC, Johnston J, Delea TE, White A, Andrews E. The causal role for genital ulcer disease as a risk factor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: an application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1996;23:429–440
  20. Family Health International. What drives HIV in Asia: a summary of trend in sexual and drug taking behavior. Family Health International, 2001.
  21. Figueroa JP, Ward E, Morris J, et al.  Incidence of HIV and HTLV-1 infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic attenders in Jamaica. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1997;15:232–237
  22. Fleming DR, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex. Transm. Inf. 1999;75:3–17 [Review]
  23. Gadkari DA, Quinn TC, Gangakhedkar RR, et al.  HIV-1 DNA shedding in genital ulcers and its associated risk factors in Pune, India. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1998;18:277–281
  24. Ghys PD, Fransen K, Diallo MO, et al.  The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers i Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. AIDS. 1997;11:F85–F93
  25. Ghys PD, Diallo MO, Ettiegne-Traore V, Kale K, Tawil O, Carael M, et al.  Increase in condom use and decline in HIV and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers in Abidjan Cote d’Ivoire, 1991–1998. AIDS. 2002;16:251–258
  26. Gomez, et al. Epidemic crack cocaine use linked with epidemics of genital ulcer disease and heterosexual HIV infection in the Bahamas: evidence of impact of prevention and control measures. Sex Transm Dis 2002;29(5):259–64.
  27. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, et al.  Relative risks and population attributable fraction of incident HIV associated with symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases and treatable symptomatic sexually transmitted diseases in Rakai District, Uganda Rakai Project Team. AIDS. 1999;13:2113–2123
  28. Hanenberg RS, Rojanapithayakorn W, Kunasol P, Sokal DC. Impact of Thailand’s HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet. 1994;344:243–245
  29. Hayes RJ, Schulz KF, Plummer FA. The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1995;98:1–8
  30. Holmberg SD, Stewart JA, Gerber AR. Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infections as risk factors for HIV infection. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1988;259:1048–1050
  31. Htun Y, Morse SA, Dangor Y, et al.  Comparison of clinically directed. Sex. Transm. Inf. 1998;74(Suppl 1):S23–S28
  32. Jackson DJ, Rakwar JP, Richardson BA, et al.  Decreased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among trucking company workers in Kenya: results of a behavioural risk-reduction programme. AIDS. 1997;11:903–909
  33. Jaffe HW, Rice DT, Voigt R. Selective mass treatment in a venereal disease control program. Am. J. Public Health. 1979;69:1181–1182
  34. Jessamine PG, Brunham RC. Rapid control of a chancroid outbreak: implications for Canada. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1990;142:1082–1085
  35. Kapiga SH, lyamuya EF, Lwihula GK, Hunter DJ. The incidence of HIV infection among women using family planning methods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS. 1998;12:75–84
  36. Kassler WJ, Zenilman JM, Erickson B, et al.  Seroconversion in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. AIDS. 1994;8:351–355
  37. Keet IPM, Lee FK, van Griensven GJP, et al.  Herpes implex virus type 2 and other genital ulcerative infections as a risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition. Genitourin. Med. 1990;66:330–333
  38. Kilmarx PH, Limpakarnjanarat K, Mastro TC, et al.  HIV-1 seroconversion in a prospective study of female sex workers in northern Thailand: continued high incidence among brothel-based women. AIDS. 1998;12:1889–1898
  39. Kingsley LA, Armstrong J, Rahman A, et al.  No association between herpes simplex virus type-2 seropositivity or anogenital lesions and HIV seroconversion among homosexual men. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1990;3:773–779
  40. Koelle DM, Abbo H, Peck A, Ziegweld K, Corey L. Direct recovery of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific T lymphocyte clones from recurrent genital HSV-2 lesions. J. Infect. Dis. 1994;169:956–961
  41. Korenromp, et al. Can behavior change explain increases in the proportion of genital ulcers attributable to herpes in sub-Saharan Africa? A simulation modeling study. Sex Transm Dis 2001;29(4):228–38.
  42. Kreiss JK, Coombs R, Plummer F, et al.  Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from genital ulcers in Nairobi prostitutes. J. Infect. Dis. 1989;160:380–384
  43. Kuiken CL, van Griensven GJ, de Vroome EM, et al.  Risk factors and changes in sexual behavior in male homosexuals who seroconverted for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1990;132:523–530
  44. Laga M, Alary M, Nzila N, et al.  Condom promotion, sexually transmitted disease treatment and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet. 1994;344:246–248
  45. Leng HB, Wantha SS, Saidel T. Success of Cambodian HIV prevention efforts confirmed by low prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and declining HIV and risk behaviors. In: Proceedings of the Abstracts of XIV International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona, Spain, 6–10 July 2002.
  46. Levine WC, Revollo R, Kaune V, Tinajeros F, Garnica M, et al.  Decline in sexually transmitted disease prevalence in female Bolivian sex workers: impact of an HIV prevention project. AIDS. 1998;12:1899–1906
  47. Limpakarnjanarat K, Mastro TD, Saisorn S, Uthaivoravit W, Kaewkungwal J, Korattana S, et al.  HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of female sex workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Sex. Transm. Inf. 1999;75:30–35
  48. Magro CM, Crowson AN, Alfa M, et al.  A morphological study of penile chancroid lesions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and -negative African men with a hypotheysis concerning the role of chancroid in HIV transmission. Hum. Pathol. 1996;27:1066–1070
  49. Martin DH, DiCarlo RP. Recent changes in the epidemiology of genital ulcer disease in the United States. The crack cocaine connection. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1994;21(Suppl 2):S76–S80
  50. Martin HL, Nyange PM, Richardson BA, et al.  Hormonal contraception, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Infect. Dis. 1998;180:1863–1868
  51. Mastro TD, de Vincenzi I. Probabilities of sexual HIV-1 transmission. AIDS. 1996;10(Suppl A):S75–S82
  52. Mbizvo MT, Machekano R, McFarland W, et al.  HIV seroincidence and correlates of seroconversion in a cohort of male factory workers in Harare, Zimbabwe. AIDS. 1996;10:895–901
  53. Meda N, Ndoye I, M’Boup S, Wade A, Ndiaye S, Niang C, et al.  Low and stable HIV infection rates in Senegal: natural course of the epidemic or evidence for success of prevention?. AIDS. 1999;13:1397–1405
  54. Mehendale SM, Rodriguez JJ, Brookmeyer RS, et al.  Incidence and predictors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion in patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in India. J. Infect. Dis. 1995;172:1486–1491
  55. Mertens TE, Hayes RJ, Smith PG. Epidemiological methods to study the interaction between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. AIDS. 1990;4:57–65
  56. Moses S, Ngugi EN, Costigan A, et al. Declining sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevalences among antenatal and family planning clinic attenders in Nairobi, Kenya, from 1992–1999 [Abstract ThOrC727]. In: Proceedings of the Paper Presented as Abstracts in XIII International Conference on AIDS, Durban, South Africa, 9–15 July 2000.
  57. Mugrditchian D, Dallabetta G, Lamptey P, et al. Innovative approaches to STI control. In: Dallabetta G, Laga M, Lamptey P, editors. Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases: A Handbook for STI Managers. Arlington VA: AIDSCAP/Family Health International, 1996.
  58. Nelson KE, Eiumtrakul S, Celentano D, Maclean I, Ronald A, Suprasert S, et al.  The association of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Haemophilus ducreyi, and syphilis with HIV infection in young men in northern Thailand. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1997;16:293–300
  59. Nopkesorn T, Mock PA, Mastro TD, et al.  HIV-1 subtype E incidence and sexually transmitted diseases in a cohort of military conscripts in northern Thailand. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1998;18:372–379
  60. O’Farrell N. Targeted interventions required against genital ulcers in African countries worst affected by HIV infection. Bull. W.H.O. 2001;79:569–577
  61. O’Farrell N. Soap and water prophylaxis for limiting genital ulcer disease and HIV-1 infection in men in sub-Saharan Africa. Genitourin. Med. 1993;69:297–300
  62. O’Farrell N. Increasing prevalence of genital herpes in developing countries: implications for heterosexual HIV transmission and STI control programs. Sex. Transm. Inf. 1999;75:377–384
  63. O’Farrell N. Enhanced efficiency of female-to-male HIV transmission in core groups in developing countries: the need to target men. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2001;28:84–91
  64. Orroth KK, Gavyole A, Todd J, et al.  Symptomatic treatment of sexually transmitted diseases reduces the proportion of incident HIV infections attributable to STI in rural Tanzania. AIDS. 2000;14:1429–1437
  65. Otten MWJS, Saidi AA, Peterman TA, Rolfs RT, Witte JJ. High rate of HIV seroconversion among patients attending urban sexually transmitted disease clinics. AIDS. 1994;8:549–553
  66. Pettifor A, Walsh J, Wilkins V, Raghunathan P. How effective is syndromic management of STIs? A review of current studies. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2000;27:371–385
  67. Plummer FA, Wainberg MA, Plourde P, et al.  Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in genital ulcer exudate of HIV-1 infectioned men by culture and gene-amplification. J. Infect. Dis. 1990;161:810–811
  68. Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, et al.  Cofactors in male–female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Infect. Dis. 1991;163:133–139
  69. Rakwar J, Lavreys L, Thompson ML, et al.  Cofactors for the acquisition of HIV-1 among heterosexual men: prospective cohort study of trucking company workers in Kenya. AIDS. 1999;20:295–299
  70. Røttingen J-A, Cameron DW, Garnett GP. A systematic review of the epidemologic interactions between classic sexually transmitted diseases and HIV: how much is really known?. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2001;28:579–597
  71. Schacker T, Ryncarz AJ, Goddard J, Diem K, Shaughnessy M, Corey L. Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1 infected men. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1998;280:61–66
  72. Spinola SM, Orazi A, Arno Jn, et al.  Haemohilus ducreyi elicits a cutaneous infiltrate of CD4 cells during experimental human infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1996;173:394–402
  73. Steen R, Dallabetta G. The use of epidemiologic mass treatment and syndrome management for sexually transmitted disease control. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1999;26(Suppl 4):S12–S20 [Discussion S21-2]
  74. Steen R, Vuylsteke B, DeCoito T, et al.  Evidence of declining STI prevalence in a South African mining community following a core-group intervention. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2000;27:1–8
  75. Steen R. Eradicating chancroid. Bull. W.H.O. 2001;79:818–826
  76. Taha TE, Hoover DR, Dallabetta GA, et al.  Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV. AIDS. 1998;12:1699–1706
  77. Telzak EE, Chaisson MA, Bevier PJ, et al.  HIV-1 seroconversions in patients with and without genital ulcer disease. A prospective study. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993;119:1181–1186
  78. Wang Q. Sexually transmitted diseases: incidence and distribution. Chin. Med. Sci. J. 1996;11:56–62
  79. Wasserheit JH. Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex. Transm. Dis. 1992;19:61–77 [Review]
  80. Weir SS, Feldblum PJ, Roddy RE, Zekeng L. Gonorrhea as a risk factor for HIV acquisition. AIDS. 1994;8:1605–1608

PII: S1386-6532(03)00233-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2003.05.001

Journal of Clinical Virology
Volume 29, Issue 3 , Pages 143-151 , March 2004