Journal of Clinical Virology
Volume 34, Issue 3 , Pages 170-178 , November 2005

Expanding the frontiers of existing antiviral drugs: Possible effects of HIV-1 protease inhibitors against SARS and avian influenza

  • Andrea Savarino

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +39 06 30155374; mobile: +39 347 1359586; fax: +39 06 3054519.

Received 20 December 2004 ,Revised 27 February 2005 ,Accepted 3 March 2005.

References 

  1. Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters JR, Hilgenfeld R. Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science. 2003;300:1763–1767
  2. Cassone A, De Bernardis F, Torosantucci A, Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M, Cauda R. In vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:448–453
  3. Chan KS, Lai ST, Chu CM, Tsui E, Tam CY, Wong MM, et al. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with lopinavir/ritonavir: a multicentre retrospective matched cohort study. Hong Kong Med J. 2003;9:399–406
  4. Chen XP, Cao Y. Consideration of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the prevention and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1030–1032
  5. Chen XP, Li GH, Tang XP, Xiong Y, Chen XJ, Cao Y. Lack of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 19 AIDS patients hospitalised together. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 2003;34:242–243
  6. Chen F, Chan KH, Jiang Y, Kao RY, Lu HT, Fan KW, et al. In vitro susceptibility of 10 clinical isolates of SARS coronavirus to selected antiviral compounds. J Clin Virol. 2004;31:69–75
  7. Cheng VC, Tang BS, Wu AK, Chu CM, Yuen KY. Medical treatment of viral pneumonia including SARS in immunocompetent adult. J Infect. 2004;49:262–273
  8. Chu CM, Cheng VC, Hung IF, Wong MM, Chan KH, Chan KS, et al. HKU/UCH SARS Group Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. 2004;59:252–256
  9. Crotty S, Cameron CE, Andino R. RNA virus error catastrophe: direct molecular test by using ribavirin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98:6895–6900
  10. Fan K, Wei P, Feng Q, Chen S, Huang C, Ma L, et al. Biosynthesis, purification, and substrate specificity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like proteinase. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:1637–1642
  11. Fodor E, Crow M, Mingay LJ, Deng T, Sharps J, Fecther P, et al. A single amino acid mutation in the PA subunit of the influenza virus RNA polymerase inhibits endonucleolytic cleavage of capped RNAs. J Virol. 2002;76:8989–9001
  12. Hara K, Shiota M, Kido H, Ohtsu Y, Kashiwagi T, Iwahashi J, et al. Influenza virus RNA polymerase PA subunit is a novel serine protease with Ser624 at the active site. Genes Cells. 2001;6:87–97
  13. Hara K, Shiota M, Kido H, Othsu Y, Toyoda T. Protease activity of influenza virus RNA polymerase PA subunit. Int Congr Ser. 2001;1219:479–485
  14. Jenwitheesuk E, Samudrala R. Identifying inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus proteinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003;13:3989–3992
  15. Jenwitheesuk E, Samudrala R. Improved prediction of HIV-1 protease-inhibitors binding energies by molecular dynamics simulations. BMC Struct Biol. 2003;3:2–10
  16. Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Maes P, Neyts J, Van Ranst M. In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by chloroquine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;323:264–268
  17. Martín-Benito J, Area E, Ortega J, Liorca O, Valpuesta JM, Carrascosa JL, et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of a recombinant influenza virus ribonucleoprotein particle. EMBO Rep. 2001;2:313–317
  18. Piccinini M, Rinaudo MT, Chiapello N, Ricotti E, Baldovino S, Mosert M, et al. The human 26S proteasome is a target of antiretroviral agents. AIDS. 2002;16:693–700
  19. Savarino A, Gennero L, Sperber K, Boelaert JR. The anti-HIV-1 activity of chloroquine. J Clin Virol. 2001;20:131–135
  20. Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine in viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:722–727
  21. Savarino A, Lucia MB, Rastrelli E, Rutella S, Golotta C, Morra E, et al. Anti-HIV effects of chloroquine: inhibition of viral particle glycosylation and synergism with protease inhibitors. J Acquir Defic Syndr. 2004;35:223–232
  22. Savarino A, Sannella A, Spaccapelo R, Lucia MB, Severini C, Boelaert JR, et al. HIV-1 protease inhibitors exert antimalarial effects both in vitro and in vivo and partially revert Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine in vitro. Med Gen Med 2004b;6:ThPeA6940 [eJIAS. 2004 Jul 11;1(1):ThPeA6940].
  23. Savarino A, Cauda R, Cassone A. Aspartic proteases of Plasmodium falciparum as target of HIV protease inhibitors. J Infect Dis, in press.
  24. Schmidtke G, Holzhutter HG, Bogyo M, Kairies N, Groll M, de Giuli R, et al. How an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease modulates proteasome activity. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:35734–35740
  25. Shan YF, Li SF, Xu GJ. A novel auto-cleavage assay for studying mutational effects of the active site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;324:579–583
  26. Shi J, Wei Z, Song J. Dissection study on the severe acute respiratory syndrome 3C-like protease reveals the critical role of the extra domain in dimerization of the enzyme: defining the extra domain as a new target for design of highly specific protease inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:24765–24773
  27. Stroher U, DiCaro A, Li Y, Strong JE, Aoki F, Plummer F, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus is inhibited by interferon-alpha. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1164–1167
  28. Sun H, Lou H, Yu C, Sun T, Chen T, Peng S, et al. Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and mass spectrometric characterization of 3C-like protease of SARS coronavirus. Protein Exp Purif. 2003;32:302–308
  29. Tacconelli E, Savarino A, De Bernardis F, Cauda R, Cassone A. Candidiasis and HIV-protease inhibitors: the expected and unexpected. Curr Med Chem Immunol Endocr Metab Agents. 2004;4:49–59
  30. Toyoda T, Hara K, Imamura Y. Ser624 of the PA subunit of influenza A virus is not essential for viral growth in cells and mice, but required for the maximal viral growth. Arch Virol. 2003;148:1687–1696
  31. Yamamoto N, Yang R, Yoshinaka Y, Amari S, Nakano T, Cinatl J, et al. HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;318:719–725
  32. Yang H, Yang M, Ding Y, Liu Y, Lou Z, Zhou Z, et al. The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor. PNAS. 2003;100:13190–13195
  33. Zhang XW, Yap YL. Old drugs as lead compounds for a new disease? Binding analysis of SARS coronavirus main proteinase with HIV, psychotic and parasite drugs. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004;12:2517–2521

PII: S1386-6532(05)00088-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.03.005

Journal of Clinical Virology
Volume 34, Issue 3 , Pages 170-178 , November 2005